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Publications
Ferreira, P. and Praetorius G. (2021), “Assessing the Impacts of Ship Automation Using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method”, Advancing Resilient Performance, Nemeth C. and Hollnagel E. (Eds.), Springer, pp. 97-113.
The maritime industry is experiencing a steady evolution towards a concept of fully automated ship operation. The implementation and use of automated systems have been debated for many decades, and yet substantial issues remain regarding its achievements in terms of improved safety and efficiency (Wiener & Curry, 1980). The assessment of potential impacts (i.e. risk assessment) emerging from the introduction of automation remains a key challenge. The integration and streamlining of operations significantly increase complexity, and the transformations that are introduced tend to produce unforeseen side effects, often with serious safety consequences (Dekker et al., 2011).
The developments towards autonomous shipping have heavily focused on the ship side and concept developments for shore centres (e.g. Rolls-Royce Shore Control Centre), but less on how shore-based vessel operations may potentially be integrated into the current maritime transport system. It will likely require transformations, which are to have legal, economic, and organizational impacts across the industry greatly extending beyond the availability of technology. Suitably addressing these challenges requires a predictive and integrated investigation of these potential transformations. Particular attention should be devoted to how increased operational interdependency may generate new complexity-related aspects and how this in turn will affect the system’s ability to resilient operations.
This chapter serves as a basic discussion for how the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) can be used to explore and design functional set-ups for potential complex maritime operational scenarios. It focuses not only on the traffic management system, but also considers shore-based control centres (SCC) and other services that can be foreseen as requirements for the operation of autonomous
vessels. We have identified three safety critical scenarios and described them based on different focus group activities carried out with subject matter experts. We further use the FRAM to highlight where potential future critical coordination aspects may emerge amongst different functional requirements and discuss how these may impact on the system’s ability to resilient operations. The discussion builds around how the pursuit of a FRAM-based analysis of future operational concepts may contribute to enhanced resilience in increasingly dynamic and variable maritime operational conditions.
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