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Publicações
Garbatov, Y., Guedes Soares, C. e Masubuchi, K. (2016), “Residual Stresses and Distortion in Welds”, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.03036-8
To join various metals and alloys, different processes have been developed, including adhesives, fixings, arc welding, oxyacetylene welding, resistance welding, brazing and soldering, friction welding, electron beam welding, and laser beam welding etc. The most widely used among the welding techniques are the arc welding processes, and the majority of residual stresses and distortion that has been generated thus far has been on welds made in steels using arc welding processes.
Since a weld is locally heated by the heat source, the temperature distribution in the weld is non-uniform and changes as welding progresses. During the welding thermal cycle complex non-elastic strains are produced in the weld metal and base metal regions near the weld. These non-elastic strains cause residual stresses after the weld cools down to the initial temperature. Shrinkage and distortion are also produced. Residual stresses often cause cracking and premature failures of welded structures. How to control shrinkage and distortion are major concerns during welding fabrication of many critical structures, including space rockets, ships, and pressure vessels.
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